In 1848 Denmark proclaims the full incorporation of Schleswig in the Danish kingdom and in 1863 of both duchies. It represses an armed rising by the people of Schleswig-Holstein in 1850, but is defeated in 1864 by the forces of the German Confederation (Prussia and Austria), to which Holstein belonged, and gives up Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.
1863-1906 Christian IX.
From 1864 Denmark maintains a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. Internally, conservative, liberal and socialist views compete for predominance.
1912-47 Christian X.
Denmark remains neutral in the First World War. 1915: new democratic constitution; women are granted the vote. 1917: Denmark sells its islands in the West Indies to the United States.
1918 ICELAND becomes an independent kingdom, in personal union with Denmark (until 1944).
1920 Northern Schleswig becomes part of Denmark.
Under the Treaty of Versailles a plebiscite is held, after which Denmark acquires an area of some 4000 sq. km (1500 sq. miles), with a population of over 160,000 (a quarter of whom are Germans).
18601920 Architecture in ‘historicist” styles. Theatre Royal (neo-Renaissance, 1872-4), Town Hall (neo-Renaissance, 1892-1905), Christians-borg Palace (neo-Rococo, 1907-20), Central Station (1907-11), all in Copenhagen.
The basis of the Danish economy is a strong farming community with highly developed cooperative institutions; the large landowners are now of little significance. Some 80 folk high schools (first founded 1844) give the rural population a good general education. As a result of the fall in world wheat prices Danish farmers switch to stock-farming and build up a large export trade in dairy products and meat.
193945 Second World War.
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